Nr 3 2025 — Metabol hälsa

Hur väl fungerar din metabolism? Så tolkar du dina värden

 

1.    Reaven, G.M. (1988). Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 37(12), 1595–1607.

2.    International Diabetes Federation (IDF). (2006). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome.

3.    Kraft, J.R. (2008). Diabetes Epidemic & You. Trafford Publishing.

4.    Shulman, G.I. (2000). Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 106(2), 171–176.

5.    Matthews, D.R., et al. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28(7), 412–419.

6.    Monnier, L., et al. (2007). Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 295(14), 1681–1687.

Den muskelcentriska synen ”Bygga muskler viktigare än att minska kroppsfett”

 

1.                Sartori, R., Romanello, V. & Sandri, M. Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease. Nat Commun 12, 330 (2021).

2.                Rai M, Demontis F. Muscle-to-Brain Signaling Via Myokines and Myometabolites. Brain Plast. 2022 Oct 21;8(1):43-63.

3.                Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, Febbraio MA, Galis ZS, Gao Y, Haus JM, Lanza IR, Lavie CJ, Lee CH, Lucia A, Moro C, Pandey A, Robbins JM, Stanford KI, Thackray AE, Villeda S, Watt MJ, Xia A, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, Snyder MP. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022 May;18(5):273-289.

4.                Distefano G, Goodpaster BH. Effects of Exercise and Aging on Skeletal Muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 Mar 1;8(3):a029785.

5.                Pileggi CA, Hooks BG, McPherson R, Dent RRM, Harper ME. Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity. Clin Sci (Lond). 2022 Jul 29;136(14):1081-1110.

6.                Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Metabolic Flexibility and Its Impact on Health Outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022 Apr;97(4):761-776.

7.                Goodpaster BH, Sparks LM. Metabolic Flexibility in Health and Disease. Cell Metab. 2017 May 2;25(5):1027-1036.

8.                Bacha F, Bartz SK, Puyau M, Adolph A, Sharma S. Metabolic flexibility across the spectrum of glycemic regulation in youth. JCI Insight. 2021 Feb 22;6(4):e146000.

9.                Pesta D. Mitochondrial density in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Mitochondrion. 2024 Mar;75:101838.

10.          Nguyen D, Samson SL, Reddy VT, Gonzalez EV, Sekhar RV. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and insulin resistance in aging: novel protective role of glutathione. Aging Cell. 2013 Jun;12(3):415-25.

11.          Batterson PM, McGowan EM, Stierwalt HD, Ehrlicher SE, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. Two weeks of high-intensity interval training increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration via complex-specific remodeling in sedentary humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2023 Feb 1;134(2):339-355.

12.          Picca A, Faitg J, Auwerx J, Ferrucci L, D’Amico D. Mitophagy in human health, ageing and disease. Nat Metab. 2023 Dec;5(12):2047-2061.

13.          Kyriazis ID, Vassi E, Alvanou M, Angelakis C, Skaperda Z, Tekos F, Garikipati VNS, Spandidos DA, Kouretas D. The impact of diet upon mitochondrial physiology (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2022 Nov;50(5):135.

14.          Wesselink E, Koekkoek WAC, Grefte S, Witkamp RF, van Zanten ARH. Feeding mitochondria: Potential role of nutritional components to improve critical illness convalescence. Clin Nutr. 2019 Jun;38(3):982-995.

15.          Islam H, Gillen JB. Skeletal muscle mechanisms contributing to improved glycemic control following intense interval exercise and training. Sports Med Health Sci. 2023 Jan 25;5(1):20-28.

16.          Grgic J, Garofolini A, Orazem J, Sabol F, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic Z. Effects of Resistance Training on Muscle Size and Strength in Very Elderly Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med. 2020 Nov;50(11):1983-1999.

17.          Kittilsen HT, Goleva-Fjellet S, Freberg BI, Nicolaisen I, Støa EM, Bratland-Sanda S, Helgerud J, Wang E, Sæbø M, Støren Ø. Responses to Maximal Strength Training in Different Age and Gender Groups. Front Physiol. 2021 Feb 17;12:636972.

Krononutrition, Tajma måltiderna för optimal hälsa

1. Chamorro R, Jouffe C, Oster H, Uhlenhaut NH, Meyhöfer SM. When should I eat: A circadian view on food intake and metabolic regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2023 Mar;237(3):e13936.

2. Boivin DB, Boudreau P, Kosmadopoulos A. Disturbance of the Circadian System in Shift Work and Its Health Impact. J Biol Rhythms. 2022 Feb;37(1):3-28.

3. Mentzelou M, Papadopoulou SK, Psara E, Voulgaridou G, Pavlidou E, Androutsos O, Giaginis C. Chrononutrition in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Disorders: A Literature Review. Nutrients. 2024 Mar 1;16(5):722.

4. Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. Circadian rhythms: a regulator of gastrointestinal health and dysfunction. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 May;13(5):411-424.

5. Thaiss CA, Zeevi D, Levy M, Zilberman-Schapira G, Suez J, Tengeler AC, Abramson L, Katz MN, Korem T, Zmora N, Kuperman Y, Biton I, Gilad S, Harmelin A, Shapiro H, Halpern Z, Segal E, Elinav E. Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 2014 Oct 23;159(3):514-29.

6. Franzago M, Alessandrelli E, Notarangelo S, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Chrono-Nutrition: Circadian Rhythm and Personalized Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 29;24(3):2571.

7. López-Prieto RS, Romo-Romo A, Gómez-Avilés P, Sharma-Sharma S, Costilla-Orozco X, Galán-Ramírez GA, Almeda-Valdés P. Time matters: an insight into the relationship between chrononutrition and diabetes. Rev Invest Clin. 2024 Apr 3;76(2):080-090.

8. Hatori, M., Vollmers, C., Zarrinpar, A., DiTacchio, L., Bushong, E. A., Gill, S., LeBlanc, M., Chaix, A., Joens, M., Fitzpatrick, J. A. J., Ellisman, M. H., & Panda, S. (2012). Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Metabolism, 15(6), 848–860.

9. Sherman, H.; Genzer, Y.; Cohen, R.; Chapnik, N.; Madar, Z.; Froy, O. Timed high-fat diet

10. Chaix, A.; Zarrinpar, A.; Miu, P.; Panda, S. Time-Restricted Feeding Is a Preventative and Therapeutic Intervention against Diverse Nutritional Challenges. Cell Metab. 2014, 20, 991–1005.

11. Adamovich, Y.; Rousso-Noori, L.; Zwighaft, Z.; Neufeld-Cohen, A.; Golik, M.; Kraut-Cohen, J.; Wang, M.; Han, X.; Asher, G. Circadian Clocks and Feeding Time Regulate the Oscillations and Levels of Hepatic Triglycerides. Cell Metab. 2014, 19, 319–330.

12. Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27:1212-21.e3.

13. Zhang K, Feng Y, Chai Y, Wang C, Yu S. Association between dinner timing and glucose metabolism in rural China: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Nutrition. 2023;115:112158.

14. Lopez-Minguez J, Saxena R, Bandín C, Scheer FA, Garaulet M. Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: a randomized, cross-over study. Clin Nutr. 2018;37: 1133-40.

15. McHill AW, Phillips AJ, Czeisler CA, Keating L, Yee K, Barger LK, et al. Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1213-9.

16. Leung, G. K. W., Huggins, C. E., Ware, R. S., & Bonham, M. P. (2019). Time of day difference in postprandial glucose and insulin responses: Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute postprandial studies. Chronobiology International, 37(3), 311–326.

17. Tuomi T, Nagorny CLF, Singh P, Bennet H, Yu Q, Alenkvist I, Isomaa B, Östman B, Söderström J, Pesonen AK, Martikainen S, Räikkönen K, Forsén T, Hakaste L, Almgren P, Storm P, Asplund O, Shcherbina L, Fex M, Fadista J, Tengholm A, Wierup N, Groop L, Mulder H. Increased Melatonin Signaling Is a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab. 2016 Jun 14;23(6):1067-1077.

18. Farshchi HR, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA. Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:16-24.

19. Huseinovic et al. Meal patterns across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study. Public Health Nutr. 2016 Oct;19(15):2769-80.

20. Gill S, Panda S. A Smartphone App Reveals Erratic Diurnal Eating Patterns in Humans that Can Be Modulated for Health Benefits. Cell Metab. 2015 Nov 3;22(5):789-98.

21. Acosta-Rodríguez V, Rijo-Ferreira F, Izumo M, Xu P, Wight-Carter M, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Circadian alignment of early onset caloric restriction promotes longevity in male C57BL/6J mice. Science. 2022 Jun 10;376(6598):1192-1202.

22. Panda, S. (2023). 24-timmarskoden: Hur tajming av mat, sömn och träning ger effekter på hjärna, immunförsvar och vikt (Anna Olsson, Övers.). Bonnier Fakta.

23. Brogi S, Tabanelli R, Puca S, Calderone V. Intermittent Fasting: Myths, Fakes and Truth on This Dietary Regimen Approach. Foods. 2024 Jun 21;13(13):1960. doi: 10.3390/foods13131960. PMID: 38998465; PMCID: PMC11241639.

24. Phillips NE, Mareschal J, Schwab N, Manoogian ENC, Borloz S, Ostinelli G, Gauthier-Jaques A, Umwali S, Gonzalez Rodriguez E, Aeberli D, Hans D, Panda S, Rodondi N, Naef F, Collet TH. The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating versus Standard Dietary Advice on Weight, Metabolic Health and the Consumption of Processed Food: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial in Community-Based Adults. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 23;13(3):1042.

25. Domaszewski P, Konieczny M, Dybek T, Łukaniszyn-Domaszewska K, Anton S, Sadowska-Krępa E, Skorupska E. Comparison of the effects of six-week time-restricted eating on weight loss, body composition, and visceral fat in overweight older men and women. Exp Gerontol. 2023 Apr;174:112116.

26. López-Prieto RS, Romo-Romo A, Gómez-Avilés P, Sharma-Sharma S, Costilla-Orozco X, Galán-Ramírez GA, Almeda-Valdés P. Time matters: an insight into the relationship between chrononutrition and diabetes. Rev Invest Clin. 2024 Apr 3;76(2):080-090.

Högt LDL behöver inte leda till åderförkalkning hos friska personer

1. Craig, M., Yarrarapu, S. N. S., & Dimri, M. (2023, August 8). Biochemistry, cholesterol. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513326/

2. Kono N, Arai H. Intracellular transport of fat-soluble vitamins A and E. Traffic. 2015 Jan;16(1):19-34. Epub 2014 Nov 7.

3. Bergheanu SC, Bodde MC, Jukema JW. Pathophysiology and treatment of atherosclerosis : Current view and future perspective on lipoprotein modification treatment. Neth Heart J. 2017 Apr;25(4):231-242. doi: 10.1007/s12471-017-0959-2. PMID: 28194698; PMCID: PMC5355390.

4.https://www.internetmedicin.se/kardiologi/ateroskleros-aderforkalkning

5. Dyńka D, Kowalcze K, Paziewska A. The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Nutrients. 2022 Nov 24;14(23):5003. doi: 10.3390/nu14235003. PMID: 36501033; PMCID: PMC9739023.

6. Soto-Mota A., Flores-Jurado Y., Norwitz N.G., et al. ”Increased LDL cholesterol in adults with normal but not high body weight: a meta-analysis”. Am J Clin Nutr . 2024;119:3: 740-747.

7. Soto-Mota A, Norwitz NG, Manubolu VS, Kinninger A, Wood TR, Earls J, Feldman D, Budoff M. Plaque Begets Plaque, ApoB Does Not: Longitudinal Data From the KETO-CTA Trial. JACC Adv. 2025 Mar 18:101686. doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.101686. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40192608.

Myten om 8 timmars ostörd sömn

1. Yetish G, Kaplan H, Gurven M, Wood B, Pontzer H, Manger PR, Wilson C, McGregor R, Siegel JM. Natural sleep and its seasonal variations in three pre-industrial societies. Curr Biol. 2015 Nov 2;25(21):2862-2868.

2. Prall SP, Yetish G, Scelza BA, Siegel JM. The influence of age- and sex-specific labor demands on sleep in Namibian agropastoralists. Sleep Health. 2018 Dec;4(6):500-508.

3. Yetish G, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Sleep variability and nighttime activity among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018 Jul;166(3):590-600.

 

Finns nyckeln till hälsosam vikt i vår tarmflora?

1. Bäckhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718–15723 (2004).

2. Sasidharan Pillai S, Gagnon CA, Foster C, Ashraf AP. Exploring the Gut Microbiota: Key Insights Into Its Role in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Oct 15;109(11):2709-2719.

3. Jernberg C, Lofmark S, Edlund C, Jansson JK. Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota. ISME J. (2007) 1:56–66. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2007.3

4. Carmody RN, Bisanz JE. Roles of the gut microbiome in weight management. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Aug;21(8):535-550.

5. Du W, Zou ZP, Ye BC, Zhou Y. Gut microbiota and associated metabolites: key players in high-fat diet-induced chronic diseases. Gut Microbes. 2025 Dec;17(1):2494703.

6. https://www.nature.com/news/2006/061218/full/news061218-6.html

7. Waddell IS, Orfila C. Dietary fiber in the prevention of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases: From epidemiological evidence to potential molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(27):8752-8767.

8. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14691-6.

9. Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, et al. Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2009) 106:3698–703.

10. Seck EH, Senghor B, Merhej V, Bachar D, Cadoret F, Robert C, et al. Salt in stools is associated with obesity, gut halophilic microbiota and Akkermansia muciniphila depletion in humans. Int J Obes. (2019) 43:862–71.

11. Zhang Y, Liu R, Chen Y, Cao Z, Liu C, Bao R, Wang Y, Huang S, Pan S, Qin L, Wang J, Ning G, Wang W. Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in patients with overweight/obese type 2 diabetes: Efficacy depends on its baseline levels in the gut. Cell Metab. 2025 Mar 4;37(3):592-605.e6.

12. Rodrigues VF, Elias-Oliveira J, Pereira ÍS, Pereira JA, Barbosa SC, Machado MSG, Carlos D. Akkermansia muciniphila and Gut Immune System: A Good Friendship That Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, and Diabetes. Front Immunol. 2022 Jul 7;13:934695.

13. Al-Fakhrany OM, Elekhnawy E. Next-generation probiotics: the upcoming biotherapeutics. Mol Biol Rep. 2024 Apr 15;51(1):505.

14. Perraudeau F, McMurdie P, Bullard J, Cheng A, Cutcliffe C, Deo A, Eid J, Gines J, Iyer M, Justice N, Loo WT, Nemchek M, Schicklberger M, Souza M, Stoneburner B, Tyagi S, Kolterman O. Improvements to postprandial glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of a novel probiotic formulation. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 Jul;8(1):e001319.

15. Depommier C, Everard A, Druart C, Maiter D, Thissen JP, Loumaye A, Hermans MP, Delzenne NM, de Vos WM, Cani PD. Serum metabolite profiling yields insights into health promoting effect of A. muciniphila in human volunteers with a metabolic syndrome. Gut Microbes. 2021 Jan-Dec;13(1):1994270.
16. Ruszkowski J, Kachlik Z, Walaszek M, Storman D, Podkowa K, Garbarczuk P, Jemioło P, Łyzińska W, Nowakowska K, Grych K, Dębska-Ślizień AM. Fecal microbiota transplantation from patients into animals to establish human microbiota-associated animal models: a scoping review. J Transl Med. 2025 Jun 17;23(1):662.

17. von Schwartzenberg RJ, Bisanz JE, Lyalina S, Spanogiannopoulos P, Ang QY, Cai J, Dickmann S, Friedrich M, Liu SY, Collins SL, Ingebrigtsen D, Miller S, Turnbaugh JA, Patterson AD, Pollard KS, Mai K, Spranger J, Turnbaugh PJ. Caloric restriction disrupts the microbiota and colonization resistance. Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7866):272-277.

18. Thaiss, C. A., Shapiro, H., & Elinav, E. (2017). Post-dieting weight gain: The role of persistent microbiome changes. Future Microbiology, 12(12), 1311–1317.

19. Thaiss, C., Itav, S., Rothschild, D. et al. Persistent microbiome alterations modulate the rate of post-dieting weight regain. Nature 540, 544–551 (2016).

20. Hanssen NMJ, de Vos WM, Nieuwdorp M. Fecal microbiota transplantation in human metabolic diseases: From a murky past to a bright future? Cell Metab. 2021 Jun 1;33(6):1098-1110.

21. Hemachandra S, Rathnayake SN, Jayamaha AA, Francis BS, Welmillage D, Kaur DN, Zaw HK, Zaw LT, Chandra HA, Abeysekera ME. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as an Alternative Method in the Treatment of Obesity. Cureus. 2025 Jan 3;17(1):e76858.

22. Leong KSW, Jayasinghe TN, Wilson BC, Derraik JGB, Albert BB, Chiavaroli V, Svirskis DM, Beck KL, Conlon CA, Jiang Y, Schierding W, Vatanen T, Holland DJ, O’Sullivan JM, Cutfield WS. Effects of Fecal Microbiome Transfer in Adolescents With Obesity: The Gut Bugs Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Dec 1;3(12):e2030415.

Stress påverkar ämnesomsättningen och bidrar till fettinlagring

1. Tsigos C., Chrousos G.P. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J Psychosom Res. 2002:53;4.

2. Adam T.C., Epel E.S. Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiol Behav. 2007:24;91(4).

3. Chandrasekaran P., Weiskirchen R. The Role of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024:25;3 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031882

4. Adam F., Adam J., Aman A.M., et.al. Correlation of visceral adiposity index and triglyceride index with traditional risk factors of cardiovascular disease among urban populations. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2023:38

5. Björntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obesity Reviews. 2001:2;2.

6. Geer E.B., Islam J., Buettner C. Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014:43;1.

7. Dallman M.F., Pecoraro N., Akana S.F. et.al. Chronic stress and obesity: a new view of ”comfort food”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003:30;100(20).

8. Sapolsky R.M. Why zebras don’t get ulcers. 3rd edition. Holt paperbacks. 2004.

9. Kyrou I., Tsigos C. Stress hormones: physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009:9;6.

Kroppens aptitbroms – så fungerar GLP-1

1. Mariam-Smith A, Breeyear JH, Daniels NJ, Pantalone KM, Griebeler ML, Motsinger-Reif AA, Rotroff DM. Neurobeachin (NBEA) is a novel gene associated with GLP-1 receptor agonist associated weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025 Jul 18.

2. Pressmeddelande: https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2025/07/21/glp-1-drugs-fail-to-provide-key-weight-loss-benefit/

3. Bodnaruc AM, Prud’homme D, Blanchet R, Giroux I. Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016 Dec 9;13:92.

4. Mozaffarian D, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Bindlish S, Bonnet J, Butsch WS, Christensen S, Gianos E, Gulati M, Gupta A, Horn D, Kane RM, Saluja J, Sannidhi D, Stanford FC, Callahan EA. Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2025 Aug;33(8):1475-1503.

5. Hamasaki H. Exercise and glucagon-like peptide-1: Does exercise potentiate the effect of treatment? World J Diabetes. 2018 Aug 15;9(8):138-140.

Bitterörter – naturens Ozempic

1. Kim KS, Egan JM, Jang HJ. Denatonium induces secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 through activation of bitter taste receptor pathways. Diabetologia. 2014 Oct;57(10):2117-25.

2. Pham H, Hui H, Morvaridi S, Cai J, Zhang S, Tan J, Wu V, Levin N, Knudsen B, Goddard WA 3rd, Pandol SJ, Abrol R. A bitter pill for type 2 diabetes? The activation of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 can stimulate GLP-1 release from enteroendocrine L-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Jul 1;475(3):295-300.

3. Lee SH, Ko HM, Jee W, Kim H, Chung WS, Jang HJ. Isosinensetin Stimulates Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion via Activation of hTAS2R50 and the Gβγ-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 12;24(4):3682.

4. Xie C, Wang X, Young RL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK, Wu T. Role of Intestinal Bitter Sensing in Enteroendocrine Hormone Secretion and Metabolic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Sep 27;9:576.

5. Chou WL. Therapeutic potential of targeting intestinal bitter taste receptors in diabetes associated with dyslipidemia. Pharmacol Res. 2021 Aug;170:105693.

6. Yang WL, Zhang CY, Ji WY, Zhao LL, Yang FY, Zhang L, Cao X. Berberine Metabolites Stimulate GLP-1 Secretion by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Am J Chin Med. 2024;52(1):253-274.

7. Araj-Khodaei M, Ayati MH, Azizi Zeinalhajlou A, Novinbahador T, Yousefi M, Shiri M, Mahmoodpoor A, Shamekh A, Namazi N, Sanaie S. Berberine-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 and its mechanism for controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive pathway review. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2024 Dec;130(6):678-685.

8. Yin J, Xing H, Ye J. Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2008 May;57(5):712-7.

9. Sun S, Yang Y, Xiong R, Ni Y, Ma X, Hou M, Chen L, Xu Z, Chen L, Ji M. Oral berberine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity by activating TAS2Rs in tuft and endocrine cells in the gut. Life Sci. 2022 Dec 15;311(Pt A):121141.

10. Utami AR, Maksum IP, Deawati Y. Berberine and Its Study as an Antidiabetic Compound. Biology (Basel). 2023 Jul 8;12(7):973.

11. Wang H, Zhu C, Ying Y, Luo L, Huang D, Luo Z. Metformin and berberine, two versatile drugs in treatment of common metabolic diseases. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 11;9(11):10135-10146.

12. Huang TN, Lu KN, Pai YP, Chin Hsu, Huang CJ. Role of GLP-1 in the Hypoglycemic Effects of Wild Bitter Gourd. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:625892.

13. Habicht SD, Ludwig C, Yang RY, Krawinkel MB. Momordica charantia and type 2 diabetes: from in vitro to human studies. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2014 Jan;10(1):48-60.

14. Kim B, Lee HS, Kim HJ, Lee H, Lee IY, Ock S, Kwon S, Kang SS, Choi Y. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) efficacy and safety on glucose metabolism in Korean prediabetes participants: a 12-week, randomized clinical study. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2022 Dec 14;32(5):697-704.

15. Mes JJ, van den Belt M, van der Haar S, Oosterink E, Luijendijk T, Manusama K, van Dam L, de Bie T, Witkamp R, Esser D. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) supplementation for twelve weeks improves biomarkers of glucose homeostasis in a prediabetic population. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 May 12;347:119756.

16. Krawinkel MB, Ludwig C, Swai ME, Yang RY, Chun KP, Habicht SD. Bitter gourd reduces elevated fasting plasma glucose levels in an intervention study among prediabetics in Tanzania. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Apr 24;216:1-7.

17. Liu Z, Gong J, Huang W, Lu F, Dong H. The Effect of Momordica charantia in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Jan 16;2021:3796265.

18. Suh HW, Lee KB, Kim KS, Yang HJ, Choi EK, Shin MH, Park YS, Na YC, Ahn KS, Jang YP, Um JY, Jang HJ. A bitter herbal medicine Gentiana scabra root extract stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and regulates blood glucose in db/db mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Aug 22;172:219-26.

19. Choi R-Y, Nam S-J, Lee H-I, Lee J, Leutou AS, Ri Ham J. et al. Gentiopicroside isolated from Gentiana scabra Bge. inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and reduces body weight in diet-induced obese mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2019;29:1699–704.
20. Mennella I, Fogliano V, Ferracane R, Arlorio M, Pattarino F, Vitaglione P. Microencapsulated bitter compounds (from Gentiana lutea) reduce daily energy intakes in humans. Br J Nutr. 2016 Nov 28;116(10):1841-1850.

21. Walker EG, Lo KR, Pahl MC, Shin HS, Lang C, Wohlers MW, Poppitt SD, Sutton KH, Ingram JR. An extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) modulates gut peptide hormone secretion and reduces energy intake in healthy-weight men: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar 4;115(3):925-940.

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Processad & lagrad mat triggar inflammation och sjukdom

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Högt blodsocker påverkar hudens åldrande

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Q10 mer än bara hjärthälsa. Kan bidra till metabol balans

 

  1. Mantle D, Kozhevnikova S, Larsen S. Coenzyme Q10 and Obesity: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Jul 16;14(7):871.